S&P says U.S. faces 20-percent risk of double dip

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Federal Flood Insurance ? The Reality-Based Community

Word today that President Obama has indicated his support for a Senate bill to reform and extend the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Here is WSJ coverage of the proposed changes, which would reduce subsidy for second homes, commercial property, and homes with a history of flooding, reducing the cost of the program by $4.7 Billion over the next 10 years.

I wrote the words below just as Hurricane Irene was bearing down on the North Carolina coast last August, that provide an overview of how the U.S. has done flood insurance for the past 45 years or so. Many fascinating issues about public v. private insurance, aggregate cost benefit analysis and distribution of the costs and the benefits, and the role of government in society. I also did a 5 part series comparing principles embedded in the NFIP to health care. I will write more about that later.

***

Flood insurance is provided in the United States by the federal government via the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), in two ways. First, the government directly provides coverage for some properties. Second, the government works in concert with around 90 private insurers who function as servicing contractors. In the second case, the profits from such flood insurance are private, but the losses are socialized as private insurance companies bear none of the underwriting risk associated with this insurance. How did this come to be the case?

As this American Academy of Actuaries monograph (July 2011) on the NFIP notes (p. 30):

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 filled this void and provided flood insurance for properties that were otherwise uninsurable. The creation of the NFIP has meant that homes and businesses could be built in places where they almost certainly would not have been absent this insurance. That was the overriding public policy goal of the NFIP. This outcome of course has costs and benefits in both a net, as well as a distributional sense. Further, the NFIB has had a sunset date for its entire existence, meaning it must be reauthorized to continue to operate, at intervals set by Congress. The next sunset date is September 30, 2011, and neither the House nor the Senate has moved to reauthorize the program, which will cease to operate even for those who have paid premiums on that day absent congressional action.

Since its inception, three principles have guided this program:

• identification of risk and the development of maps that delineate flood risk (roughly 5 risk bands, with elevation serving as a risk adjuster within bands)
• flood plain management, designed to mitigate risk of flood
• the provision of flood insurance for uninsurable properties

A related goal has been to reduce the reliance on federal flood relief after catastrophic events.? Why could private insurance not cover such flood prone properties? Two main reasons. First, the goal of private insurance companies is to earn a profit, and they at least must earn excess premiums to cover their cost of capital (they have to pre-fund losses), whereas the U.S. government can easily borrow money to cover catastrophic flood events after they occur. Second, private companies could not compel the purchase of their product absent legislation, so would face tremendous adverse selection problems and/or no one buying their insurance. Into this situation stepped the federal government in 1968, and with a variety of modifications, it has remained the only flood insurance provider in the United States for the past four-plus decades.

Several notable aspects of the NFIB:

• can compel the purchase flood insurance if the property resides in Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) (since 1974)
• around 80% of covered properties are assessed full-risk premiums based on Army Corps of Engineers models; the other 20% have subsidized premiums because the covered dwelling was built prior to the identification of SFHAs in 1974
• because of subsidized premiums, in some years the NFIP will run a loss, in others a ?profit?
• there are a variety of reasons that full risk premium policies may not in fact represent the expected value of future damages (the goal for such premiums)
• has a statutory limit on the aggregate amount of money that can be borrowed to pay out damage claims; this limit was $1.5 billion from 1996-2005; after Hurricanes Dennis, Katrina, Rita and Wilma the cap is now $20.725 billion; once the cap is exceeded, no claims may be paid
• Hurricane Katrina alone cost the NFIB $17.75 billion
• Individual policies are limited to $250,000 for dwelling/$100,000 for contents for a home; $500,000/$500,000 for a business
• Annual premium increases are capped at 10% annually
• risk of loss is highly concentrated; 1% of the insured properties resulted in 38% of the losses incurred by the NFIP from 1978-2004
• 60% of the single family dwellings covered by the NFIP are in the South; 38% in Florida alone
• Perceptions of regional bias are incorrect; the true risk of flood differs by region of the country (a similar risk band property on the Florida coast would have the same premium as a home by a mountain river in Colorado; there are just more such similarly-risky properties in Florida)
• Over time, more insured property has been serviced by private insurance companies, with the federal government holding all the underwriting risk
• One large private insurer ceased participation in the program in 2010 because Congress 3 times in 2010 allowed the sunset date for NFIP to lapse but then reauthorized the program retroactively. All told, Congress has done this 11 times since 2002. Even though private insurers are not liable for losses in such cases, they fear bad publicity.
• Very active Hurricane seasons in 2004, 2005 and 2008 have lead to a call for a comprehensive review of the NFIP

Tags: Flood Insurance, National Flood Insurance Program, NFIP

Posted: Tuesday, June 26th, 2012 at 7:44 am
Tags: Flood Insurance, National Flood Insurance Program, NFIP
9 Comments ?

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Scientists twist light to send data: Beams of light can be twisted and combined to transmit data dramatically faster

ScienceDaily (June 25, 2012) ? A multi-national team led by USC with researchers hailing from the U.S., China, Pakistan and Israel has developed a system of transmitting data using twisted beams of light at ultra-high speeds -- up to 2.56 terabits per second.

To put that in perspective, broadband cable (which you probably used to download this) supports up to about 30 megabits per second. The twisted-light system transmits more than 85,000 times more data per second.

Their work might be used to build high-speed satellite communication links, short free-space terrestrial links, or potentially be adapted for use in the fiber optic cables that are used by some Internet service providers.

"You're able to do things with light that you can't do with electricity," said Alan Willner, electrical engineering professor at the USC Viterbi School of Engineering and the corresponding author of an article about the research that was published in Nature Photonics on June 24. "That's the beauty of light; it's a bunch of photons that can be manipulated in many different ways at very high speed."

Willner and his colleagues used beam-twisting "phase holograms" to manipulate eight beams of light so that each one twisted in a DNA-like helical shape as it propagated in free space. Each of the beams had its own individual twist and can be encoded with "1" and "0" data bits, making each an independent data stream -- much like separate channels on your radio.

Their demonstration transmitted the data over open space in a lab, attempting to simulate the sort of communications that might occur between satellites in space. Among the next steps for the research field will be to advance how it could be adapted for use in fiber optics, like those frequently used to transmit data over the Internet.

The team's work builds on research done by Leslie Allen, Anton Zeilinger, Miles Padgett and their colleagues at several European universities.

"We didn't invent the twisting of light, but we took the concept and ramped it up to a terabit-per-second," Willner said. His team included Jian Wang, Jeng-Yuan Yang, Irfan M. Fazal, Nisar Ahmed, Yan Yan, Hao Huang, Yongxiong Ren and Yang Yue from USC; Samuel Dolinar from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and Moshe Tur from Tel Aviv University.

Wang, the lead author, left USC after completing this research and is now a professor at the Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China.

This research was funded by the Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under the InPho (Information in a Photon) program.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Southern California, via Newswise.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

---

Journal Reference:

1. Jian Wang, Jeng-Yuan Yang, Irfan M. Fazal, Nisar Ahmed, Yan Yan, Hao Huang, Yongxiong Ren, Yang Yue, Samuel Dolinar, Moshe Tur, Alan E. Willner. Terabit free-space data transmission employing orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Nature Photonics, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.138

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Chairman: No evidence so far of White House cover-up

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Pawlenty says to look elsewhere for potential VP (The Arizona Republic)

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lern2play Resources and Information. This website is for sale!

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DanWolken: Not near a TV but the last time I've seen this much Twitter commentary on a TV interview was, well, when Sandusky went on Costas.

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Continuity Disaster Recovery - Excellence In Business

The act of preparing is more important as opposed to strategy by itself. We have, during my profession inside emergency management, came across many litigant which waits with patience while We look at their particular facility, appointment workers, examine urgent situation caution methods and products, and evaluate the risks inherent to their functional environment then, probably days afterwards, when I produce the specialised emergency response methods guide book, tend to be happy at the final results.

What normally comes about following will be the remarkable portion. The polished new crisis processes manual is put with a shelf inside the manager?s workplace to look at pleasure associated with location alongside various other conformity paperwork, booklets and/or study materials!

Your guide has to be accessible if the facility can be audited simply by protection personnel as well as constructing auditors. That?s frequently the outcome of all the so-called thorough investigation as well as work in which proceeded to go into their compilation. Where?s the particular guide book whenever an emergency strikes? Who knows? Not necessarily at the disposal of anyone vested to behave on behalf of the power whenever things go wrong ? the principle Warden.

Using an emergency plan is a very important factor. Using an emergency prepare that people find out about, can follow and have experienced some training turning round the processes the plan may possibly suggest, is a thing in addition entirely.

Using a consultant implement experience to the preparing course of action is really a sensible transfer nevertheless regarding employees and also operations inside the preparing procedure is a masterstroke. By taking component inside arranging process, all people have an insight into the development of processes, it generates understanding of the actual procedures and most importantly, the idea helps bring about buy-in from people really people that the plan and operations tries to guard.

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You are already aware this particular. Remember a period when a friend spelled out a strategy to acquire together about the weekend or perhaps a journey leasure activities for a vacation. If you don?t had been section of the organizing method you adopt aboard just outline from the prepare; the remaining is ostensibly insignificant detail. For instance, your current good friend offers to collect you upon Weekend drive an automobile you to lunch in an wonderful cafe which has an award-winning menu along with stunning sights and trendy waiters along with your friend features cautioned you the site visitors can be bad associated with an morning to the part of city, aside from discovering somewhere to fit the vehicle, and so forth and the like. Precisely what are you almost certainly to remember regarding the preparations (prepare)?

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Understanding that relies on these people knowing what to do, and the ways to get it done?

Related posts:

1. Continuity Disaster Recovery You might have your own The idea methods prepared along...
2. Flood Recovery and Water Cleanup for Baltimore, MD built at the mouth of Patapsco River, Baltimore?s close relation...

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CFNews13_WX: County by County forecasts for all of Central Florida at http://t.co/YHr9B1gt

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Tropical Storm Debby forms in Gulf of Mexico

Tropical Storm Debby formed Saturday, the National Hurricane Center said, making it the first named storm in the Gulf of Mexico this season.

A tropical storm warning was issued for part of Louisiana's coast from the Pearl River west to Morgan City, the center said in a late afternoon advisory. New Orleans was not in the warning area, however.

Debby had maximum sustained winds at 50 mph and was likely to strengthen further, the center said. At 8 p.m. EDT, Debby was nearly stationary, the center said.

Tropical-storm force winds extended 175 miles out from the center and should reach the U.S. coast by Sunday night.

"A slow northward motion is expected tonight, followed by a westward turn on Sunday" and then Debby's center should move over the northern Gulf over the next few days, the center added.

Areas from Louisiana to Florida's Panhandle were told to expect 3-6 inches of rain, and even 10 inches in some places. At 8 p.m. EDT, outer rainbands were lashing portions of west-central and south Florida, the Hurricane Center said.

As a precaution, many oil companies were evacuating rig workers and support personnel from offshore installations in the area.

About 8 percent of oil and natural gas production in the Gulf had been suspended, the U.S. government said Saturday.

Debby makes four named Atlantic storms before July 1 -- the first time that's happened since record-keeping began in 1851.

The Atlantic hurricane season officially runs from June 1 to Nov. 30, but got off to an early start this year. In May, Tropical Storm Alberto formed off South Carolina and then quickly fizzled, while Tropical Storm Beryl soaked the Southeast.

Tropical Storm Chris on Friday briefly became a hurricane before fizzling out. Still, it was notable for being unusually far north for an early hurricane.

Government forecasters predict nine to 15 named storms in the Atlantic, with four to eight becoming hurricanes.

Reuters contributed to this report.

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Baltimore Party Rentals Ensures a Great Event | Orthadox Home Blog

There are so many reasons to throw a party at this time of year. From high school to college graduation, after prom parties and even fundraisers are all excellent reasons for using Baltimore Party Rentals to ensure you have a great event. Not only can you rent bounce machines here, but also water fun, slides, mechanical rides and even arcade games. In addition, you can also rent food machines, such as popcorn makers, cotton candy machines and slushy makers are also available.

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Iran says detected "massive cyber attack:" state TV

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Futures advance after Thursday selloff

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Know Your Pest: The Menacing Asian Tiger Mosquito

The Asian tiger mosquito menace has been a long time coming. The bug hitched its way across the Pacific inside a shipment of tires from Japan to Hawaii in the late 1800s. It managed to make it to the mainland around 1985, and from there the black-and-white-striped insect spread throughout the United States, bringing disease with it. Here's what you need to know about the invaders.

Disease Carriers

"They're very good at spreading a number of viral pathogens," William Walton, a professor of entomology at the University of California, Riverside, tells PM. The insect is particularly adept at carrying West Nile virus,, St. Louis encephalitis, and Chikungunya?a virus similar to the one that causes Dengue Fever. There are no known cases of anyone becoming infected with Chikungunya in the U.S.?so far.

The tiger mosquito's penchant for carrying disease is compounded by the fact that it bites at all hours of the day. Where most mosquitoes come out around dawn and dusk, the tiger mosquito can stick it out through the midday sun.

Tough to Kill

Walton says all tiger mosquitoes need to thrive is a moist patch of soil in a flowerpot or other relatively small, enclosed container. The fact that they prefer these tight spaces with little water makes them even more difficult to find and eradicate. Although their bites aren't necessarily any more annoying than those of other species, tiger mosquitoes aren't picky about where they make their home. They like urban and rural areas alike.

So how do you get rid of this bug? "You could eliminate [the] adult population by spraying chemical pesticides," Walton says, "but the eggs would still be viable."

Unlike other species of mosquito, the tiger mosquito's eggs can dehydrate and rehydrate without harming the larvae growing within. Researchers aren't sure how long an egg can remain viable without a source of hydration, but Walton speculates that they could survive for a year or more.

Because the mosquito originally hails from the warm, wet climate in Southeast Asia, its eggs don't do well in freezing temperatures. A hard freeze will kill off many of the eggs before they have a chance to hatch when the weather warms up. But, Walton says, during an uncharacteristically mild winter like this past one, that doesn't happen. "If most survive over winter, then they get going earlier in the year," Walton says. "It's a numbers game with mosquitoes."

How to Rid Your Yard of Mosquitoes

New Defenses

In Australia, scientists are trying a few different strategies for stopping the invaders' spread by keeping the mosquitoes from colonizing new areas. They've strategically set up pesticide-laced containers to kill off tiger mosquito populations before they have the chance to reproduce.

Some scientists worry that the traps could accidentally attract and kill other, less harmful bugs. But Walton says you can mitigate those risks by putting out a mosquito-specific insecticide. Using a toxin extracted from a bacteria, researchers target tiger mosquito larvae whose digestive tracts are particularly sensitive to the toxic proteins. Even if other bugs, such as flies, ingest the poison, it's unlikely that the dose of bacterial toxin would harm them.

Other mosquito-abolishing tactics have involved breeding genetically sterilized males and then releasing them into the wild to hinder reproduction.Those methods are still in the research phase for this kind of mosquito, but the Sterile Insect Technique has been used on other bug populations around the world; it successfully eliminated the tsetse fly from Zanzibar.

For now, Walton says the best way to prevent the harmful effects of a tiger mosquito bite is not getting bitten in the first place. "It's important to educate people so they know what the deal is," he says. "Be sure to dump water that sits for more than three days. Even if [the tiger mosquitoes] aren't carrying disease, they're still a significant pest."

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Shenzhou 9 Sparks Renewed Debate On Space Race With China

China had wanted to cooperate with the world in the space venture

China had wanted to join the ISS

The United States of America objected, and barred the Chinese from ever stepping into the ISS

That left China with no other alternative but to construct their own space station

In other words, the space "RACE" has become a race because that's what USA had always wanted

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Rio Tinto approves $3.7 billion Australia iron ore expansion

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Mars Odyssey Spacecraft Bounces Back from Glitch at Red Planet

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